【摘要】長難句是考研英語的一大難點，如何理解翻譯好長難句，希望考生復習時多總結多練習。精選100個長難句翻譯，希望大家看完能提升對長難句的理解和翻譯能力：

1. Looking beyond the 10-year period， the botanists estimate that some 3，000 native plant species may become extinct in the foreseeable future—more than 10 percent of the approximately 25，000 species of plants in the United States.

在展望10年后的情況時植物學家們估計，在未來可預見到的時間內，3 000種本地植物——占美國近25 000種植物的10%——將可能滅絕。

2. The annual migrations of wildfowl and many other animals certainly cannot be regarded as a form of exploration， because such movements are actually only shifts from one habitat to another for the purpose of avoiding seasonal climatic variations.?

野生禽類和許多其他動物每年的遷徙，當然不能被看做是一種探險行為，因為，這些遷徙活動實際上只是從一個棲息地轉移到另一個棲息地，以躲避氣候的季節性變化。

3. Proponents of G-M foods argue using biotechnology in the production of food products has many benefits： it speeds up the process of breeding plants and animals with desired characteristics; can be used to introduce traits that a product wouldn‘t traditionally have; can improve the nutritional value of products; and can produce cheaper and more environmentally?friendly fertilizers.

轉基因食物的倡導者指出，用生物技術生產食物有很多益處：它能加速作物和牲畜的生長速度，并使它們具有所要求的特點;它可以給食物增添以往不具備的特征;可以改進食物的營養價值;可以生產出廉價、環保效果更好的肥料。

4. What makes this debate unique is that every meal we eat is at its very core. And that fact means one thing： it‘s an issue to be discussed not only around policy tables， but dinner tables.?

使這場辯論不同一般的是：我們吃的每頓飯都成為爭論的中心。而且，這個事實意味著一件事：這不僅是政策制定會上應該討論的問題，而且是飯桌上要討論的問題。

5.“Contact us before writing your application”or“Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae or job history” is how it is usually expressed.?

“寫申請前同我們聯系”，“利用我們多年的經驗來準備你的學歷或工作經歷”，這種廣告經常這樣宣傳。

6. There is no doubt， however， that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.?

但是，毫無疑問，正是由于在申請工作的過程中具有大學學歷的人數增加，使得簡歷更加重要。

7. Other goals of the interview are： to answer questions successfully， obtain any additional information needed to make a decision， accent your special strengths， establish a positive relationship， show confidence， and to sell yourself.?

參加面試其他的目標包括：成功地回答問題，為做決定獲得更多信息，強調自己的特殊優勢，建立良好的關系，表達自己的信心，推銷自己。

8. Based on these goals， place yourself in the role of the interviewer and develop anticipated questions and answers to three categories： company data， personal data， and specific job data.?

在明確這些目標的基礎上，將自己設想為面試你的人，在以下三個方面為自己設想出一些問題以及這些問題的答案：公司數據信息，個人信息，有關某份工作的特定信息。

9. Since the interview will center on you， proper self-management process is divided into four stages： the before stage， the greeting stage， the consultation stage， and the departure stage.?

既然面試的焦點是你，應該在以下四個階段做出合理的準備：面試前階段，問候階段，商洽階段，告別階段。?

10. The before stage includes writing a confirmation letter， concentrating on appearance and nonverbal communication， developing your portfolio， anticipating questions with positive responses， and arriving early.

面試前階段包括寫一封確認函、集中注意自己的儀表和非語言行為、準備好自己的資料、設想一些問題以及對這些問題的正面回答、早到面試地點。

11. The greeting stage includes greeting everyone courteously， using waiting-room smarts， using your time wisely， and applying proper protocol when meeting the interviewer.?

問候階段包括禮貌地向每個人問候，在等候室靈活使用一些交往技能，合理地使用自己的時間，同面試你的人會面時恰如其分地使用一些禮節。

12. The consultation stage includes responsiveness and enthusiasm， knowing when to interject key points， showing sincerity， highlighting your strengths， and listening intently.?

商洽階段包括反應機敏、熱情，知道何時應該(在交談中)插入一些關鍵信息，要表現得誠懇，突出自己的優點，注意傾聽。

13. If the company doesn‘t respond in two weeks， call back or write a follow-up letter. You may get turned down. If so， try to find out why as a means of self-improvement.?

如果公司兩周內沒有反應，打個電話或再寫封信過去。你可能沒有被雇用，如果是這樣的話，找出原因，以便進行自我改進。?

14. I have sought it， next， because it relieves loneliness—that terrible loneliness in which one‘s shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss.?

我追求愛，其次是因為愛使我擺脫孤獨。在這種可怕的孤獨時刻，人們似乎處于世界的邊緣，顫抖的意識面對著冷酷而死寂的無底深淵。

15. Non-traditional students， overwhelmingly female， began to study on a part-time basis， the numbers of women going to graduate school increased， and women sought entry to the non-traditional position of university faculty member.?

新類型的學生——絕大多數是女生——開始半工半讀式的學習，攻讀研究生的女生數量增加了，婦女開始從事大學教師這樣的非傳統職業。?

16. This decline occurred in both coeducational and women‘s colleges where women faculty declined from 72% in 1940 to 50% in 1955 and dropped to a low of 45% in 1978.?

人數的減少普遍存在于男女同校的大學，也存在于女子學校。在女子學校，女教師的比例從1940年的72%減少到1955年的50%，到1978年降低到45%的低點。?

17. More than one-third of employers in a new survey say they would probably cut off health benefits to their workers if Congress passes a law allowing patients to sue managed care plans for malpractice.?

在一項新的調查中，有超過三分之一的雇主表示：如果國會通過一項使病人可以因管理不善起訴管理醫療保健計劃的法律，雇主可能會削減工人的醫療補貼。?

18. The employers apparently fear the legislation could open the door to the same kinds of suits against them. Companies are already struggling to contain rising health costs and deal with workers who complain that managed care blocks their access to care.?

雇主顯然擔心這樣的立法會為對他們類似的起訴打開大門。公司已經在竭力支付日益增長的醫療費用，處理工人們的投訴，這些工人認為管理醫療計劃阻礙了他們享受醫療服務。?

19. Although companies have relied on health maintenance organizations and other types of managed care firms to control costs through most of the 1990s， the Hewitt survey showed employers have serious concerns about the health plans.?

在九十年代的大部分時間里，雖然公司依靠保健機構和其他類型的管理醫療公司來控制花費，Hewitt調查顯示，雇主們很關心保健計劃。

20. Whatever you decide to do in the way of part-time and vacation work while you‘re at university，make sure that you take the following issues into consideration before committing yourself：?

在上學期間無論你決定做什么臨時工作或假期內打工，在做出決定之前，你都應該考慮到下列問題：

21. Interface with the Business Development Support Group to assist in developing strategic communication plans for new business development， working with government relations and protocol specialist in supporting visits from various external stakeholders.?

與業務開發支持部門協調，協助制定交際策略方案，開發新業務;幫助協調與政府的關系，同禮儀專家一道負責接待與公司有密切關系的外來造訪者。

22. External communications experience in a media， corporate or agency setting， knowledge of media and communications vehicles and the fundamental principles of journalism and public relations， successful project management experience， with excellent communication and interpersonal skills.?

有在媒體機構、公司或代理機構負責對外交際工作的經驗，熟悉各種媒體和交際手段，熟知新聞和公共關系方面的基本原理，具有項目管理的成功經驗，具有優良的交際和人際關系處理技能。?

23. In many states this year， budget requests by state universities have had to be scaled back or frozen， while tuition， the share of the cost borne by the students themselves， has gone up—in some cases faster than the rate of inflation.?

今年，在許多州，州立大學的預算不得不減少或凍結，而學費——學生所承擔的費用——卻上升了，在某些情況下上升得比通貨膨脹率還要快。?

24. So it was against this backdrop that members of the National Governors Association came together in this New England city this past week to discuss issues of common concern， one being higher education.?

所以，正是在這種背景下，全國州長協會在過去的一周里聚集在這座新英格蘭地區的城市，討論他們共同關心的問題，其中之一是高等教育問題。?

25. And the focus of their talks about colleges centered not on how money could be more effectively directed， but how to get greater productivity out of a system that many feel has become highly inefficient and resistive to change.?

在大學問題上，他們談話的焦點不是如何更有效地花錢，而是提高大學體制的效率，許多人感到這個體制效率非常低下，而且變得僵化。?

26. As a result， the governors will embark on a three-year study of higher education systems and how to make state colleges and universities better able to meet the challenges o a global economy in the 21st century.?

結果，州長們將對教育體制進行歷時三年的研究，研究的目標是如何使州立大學更好地迎接21世紀全球經濟領域里的挑戰。?

27.“With tuition rising faster than the rate of inflation and students taking longer and longer to finish college， one of these days the public is going to say，”‘Enough!’“?Pennsylvania Republican Gov. Tom Ridge said.?

共和黨人賓州州長湯姆?里奇說：隨著學費比通貨膨脹率上漲得快，學生完成大學學業需要的時間越來越長，有一天公眾會說：夠了!?

28. Ridge and his fellow governors came away from the meetings resolute in the belief that higher education needs a fresh look and possibly a major boost in productivity to meet demands of new technologies and a changing work force.?

會議結束后，里奇和其他州長們更堅信：高等教育需要革新換面，也許應該重點提高效率，滿足新技術和變化的勞動力市場的要求。?

29. Several governors noted that establishment of clearer standards， greater efficiencies in providing services， and more student competency testing might be needed， in addition to curriculum inspection.?

幾位州長提到，除了審查教學大綱外，也許還應該確立更清楚的標準，提高服務的效率，對學生進行更多的能力測試。?

30. Like our political society， the university is under severe attack today and perhaps for the same reason; namely， that we have accomplished much of what we have set out to do in this generation， that we have done so imperfectly， and while we have been doing so， we have said a lot of things that simply are not true.?

像我們的政治社會一樣，今天的大學正在受到嚴厲抨擊，而且理由也許相同，即：我們這個時代要做的事情已經大都完成，但是我們做得還不盡善盡美，而且，雖然我們做出了一些論斷，但我們也說了許多不正確的話。?

31. The university should use one-fourth of a student‘s time in his undergraduate years and organize it into courses which might be called history， and literature and philosophy， and anything else appropriate and organize these around primary problems.?

大學應該使本科生花四分之一的時間，學習被稱做歷史、文學、哲學或其他合適的課程，通過這些課程來探討重大問題。

32. On the other hand， there could be very serious consequences if this knowledge were used intentionally to produce superior and subordinate classes， each genetically prepared to carry out a predetermined mission.?

從另一方面講，如果這種知識被有意識地用來復制優等或劣等群體，天生讓這些人來完成某一預定的使命，那就會產生非常嚴重的后果。?

33. After all， the purpose of education is not only to impart knowledge but to teach students to use the knowledge that they either have or will find， to teach them to ask and seek answers for important questions.?

畢竟，教育的目的不僅是傳授知識，而且還要教會學生使用已經或將要掌握的知識，教育他們學會提問并回答重大問題。?

34. Many people expect this to change fundamentally the nature of television programming and viewing， from a broadcast medium (dominated by big networks like Britain‘s BBC and ITV and the big US networks， showing a mixture of programme types with something for everyone) to a“narrowcast” medium more like today’s magazines and radio.?

許多人預期這將根本改變電視節目安排和收視的本質特征，從一種廣播媒體(主宰者是像BBC、ITV和美國的各大電視網絡，涵蓋每個人所需要的節目類型)變成小范圍播送的媒體,更像今天的雜志和收音機一樣。

35. The argument is that， as with gardening magazines today， such a channel could generate revenue both from subscriptions (since it would be tailored to that target audience) and from advertising (not just for gardening products， but also for other products and services such as cruise holidays and financial services aimed at the same target market)。?

其中的論點是，像今天的園藝雜志一樣，這種頻道不僅從入網費上取得收入(既然它滿足的是特定觀眾的需要)，而且通過播出廣告掙錢(不僅是園藝產品的廣告，而且包括其他產品和服務項目，如長途旅游的假期，面向同樣的特定市場的金融服務)。?

36. In the five years I‘ve worked here， we’ve gone to off-campus parties to write about underage drinking at our local college， exposed corruption in a local economic development group， and traced an embezzler?s criminal past all the way to Alaska. I‘ve never seen our paper back down from a story.?

我在這里工作的五年期間，我們去參加過校園外的聚會，寫過當地大學的青少年飲酒問題，揭發過當地某個經濟開發集團的腐敗問題，一直追蹤到阿拉斯加揭露出一起侵吞公款的案件。我從未見過我們的報紙放棄過一次報道。

37. Recently， when a young boy was shot to death， I had to repeatedly leave the scene to update my editor from a pay phone， while the reporter from a competing paper used his cell phone to chat with his office from the doorstep of the victim‘s house.?

最近，在報道一個小男孩被擊斃的事件時，我不得不一次次離開現場，通過付費電話告知我的編輯更新消息，而作為競爭對手的那家報紙的記者，可以站在受害者家門口的臺階上用手機與辦公室交談。?

38. They lose daily contact with Nature， their idea of Nature is rather vague and non-experiential， so they think that they are independent of and above Nature， or even can live without Nature.?

他們與大自然失去了日常聯系，對大自然的認識是相當模糊的、非經驗式的，所以，他們認為自己獨立于大自然或凌駕其上，甚至認為沒有大自然照樣可以生存。

39. Thinking in terms of public experiences， we find that joyous experiences are a means; when thinking subjectively， or in terms of one?s own sense experiences， we find that joyous experiences are an end.?

從集體經驗的角度來看，我們發現歡樂的體驗是一種手段;從主觀上來說，或者從個人的感官體驗來說，我們發現歡樂的體驗是一種目的。?

40. So we should view joyous experiences and life sustenance in this way： Lifeis a carrier of senses and values， but not all sorts of senses and values are permitted， pursuance of forbidden ones will lead to the threat or even discontinuance of life as an individual and as a whole.?

因此，我們應該這樣看待歡樂的體驗和生命的維系：生命是感官和價值觀的載體，但是，并非所有感官享受和價值觀都是被允許存在的，如果追求被禁止的享受和價值觀，將會受到威脅，甚至造成某個個體或社會整體生命的終結。

41. Competition， formerly between individual firms， is now mainly between nations， and is therefore conducted by methods quite different from those formulated by the classical economists.?(3)

競爭過去是在公司之間展開，但現在主要成為國家之間的競爭，所以，經典經濟學家們揭示的競爭方法已經不再適用。

42. We may say， therefore， speaking very generally， that men have used the increased productivity which they owe to science for three chief purposes in succession： first， to increase the population; then， to raise the standard of comfort; and， finally， to provide more energy to war.?

因此，我們可以概而言之地說，科學的發展帶來了生產率的提高，人們由此可以依次實現三個主要目的：第一，增加人口的數量;其次，提高舒適生活的標準;再次，為戰爭提供更多的能源。

43. Web browsers! Interactive software! There?s a lot of new technology talk going on in public relations these days， and it?s coming from a variety of sources.?

網頁瀏覽器!交互式軟件!最近，在公共關系中人們大談特談新技術，而且各種各樣的人都加入了進來。?

44. The foundations of good public relations remain the same： anticipating and meeting the needs of clients and the media， and providing informed and useful counsel.?

建立良好公共關系的基礎沒有變：考慮并滿足顧客和媒體的需要，為之提供有根據的有用咨詢。?

45. The delivery system is part of the message and contributes to the overall image， so the practitioner should consider how that system affects the client， the product， and the audiences.?

交貨方式是公司信息的組成部分，影響到公司的整體形象，因此，實際負責的人應該考慮這種交貨方式對消費者、產品和觀眾產生的影響。?

46. In the last presidential election， more than one candidate had problems with their personal web-pages because webmasters were not kept up to date on changes in campaign strategy and messages.?

在上次的總統選舉中，不止一位參選者的個人網頁存在問題，因為站點管理員沒有及時更新網上的競選策略和競選信息。?

47. They believe that those regulations， which exclude most poor husband and wife families from Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) assistance grants， contribute to the problem of family dissolution.

這些規定將最貧困的夫妻家庭排斥在“救助有受撫養子女的家庭(簡稱AFDC)”的救濟金補助范圍之外，他們認為，這造成了家庭的破裂。

48. The third type is the unhappily married couple， who remain together out of a sense of economic responsibility for their children， because of the high costs of separation， or because of the consumption benefits of marriage.?

第三類是婚姻不幸福的家庭，夫妻不離異只是由于對孩子經濟上的責任感，因為離異的代價很高，或者為了取得結婚家庭的消費補助。

49. Much of the variation in marital stability across income classes can be explained by the variation in costs of dissolution imposed by society， such as division of property， and child support.?

在不同收入的階層中，婚姻的穩定與否，在很大程度上取決于在某個社會中離異所導致的代價的高低，如財產的分配、子女的撫養問題。

50. To the extent that welfare is a form of government?subsidized AFDC payments， it reduces the costs of separation and guarantees a minimal standard of living for wife and children.?

由于補助金是政府補助的一種“救助有受撫養子女的家庭”的津貼，它起到了降低離異代價、保障妻子和子女最低生活水平的作用。

51. So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instability in poor neighborhoods, but this is not the result of AFDC regulations that exclude most intact families from coverage.?

【譯文】 因此，獲得福利補貼的機會，在貧窮階層的人中是導致家庭破裂的一個重要決定因素，但是，這不是“救助有受撫養子女的家庭”政策所導致的，何況多數完好家庭也不屬于補助范圍。

52. Rather, welfare?related instability occurs because public assistance lowers both the benefits of marriage and the costs of its breach by providing a system of government?subsidized payments.

【譯文】 相反，由福利制度導致的家庭破裂之所以發生，是因為公共救助計劃提供了一種政府補助體制，它不僅減少了婚姻的利益，而且降低了破裂的代價。

53. The warning signs can be difficult enough to recognize; but the problem of identifying major depression in teens is further complicated by the fact that even these ambiguous signs are not always present.?

【譯文】 警告信號可能很難辨認，但是，即使這些含糊的信號也不一定總是存在，這一事實使辨認青少年身上所表現出的重大消沉情緒的問題變得更加復雜。?

54. They are using what we know as signs, to communicate with each other about some situation that is present at that moment: gathering the group, alarm, hunting, mating.?

【譯文】 他們使用我們稱做符號的東西，相互之間在談論著此時此刻所發生的事情：如集合、警告、獵取、交配等。?

55. Is it possible to imagine something as highly refined and subtle as the cave paintings of 15,000 years ago without language to enable manipulation and transference of ideas?

【譯文】 如果沒有語言來構思和傳達思想，怎么想像能創作出15 000年前如此精美細致的洞穴繪畫呢??

56. Possession of language is a defining mark of our humanity, and it has been faithfully accompanying us ever since our branch first emerged as a distinct species.?

【譯文】 擁有語言是我們人類的一個區別性標志，自我們作為一個特殊的物種存在以來，語言能力一直伴隨著我們。

57. In Prague, when Tomas and Tereza brought a new chair or moved a flower pot, Karenin would look on in displeasure. It disturbed his sense of time. Nonetheless, he soon managed to reestablish the old order and old rituals in the Zurich flat.?

【譯文】 在布拉格，當托馬斯和特里薩買把新椅子，或移動花盆時，卡列寧會感到很不高興。這攪亂了他的時間意識。但是，在蘇黎世的公寓里，他很快就恢復了過去的秩序和舊禮節。?

58. In periods of despair, she would remind herself she had to hold on because of him, because he was weaker than she, weaker perhaps even than Dubcek and their abandoned homeland.

【譯文】 在絕望時刻，她總是提醒自己要為他而堅持下去，因為他比她更脆弱，甚至也許比杜布切克和他們離開的祖國還要脆弱。

59. When she said that Tomas wasn’t there and she didn’t know when he’d be back, the woman on the other end of the line started laughing and, without saying good-bye, hung up.?

【譯文】 當她說托馬斯不在，不知道什么時候能回來時，電話另一端的那個女人大笑了起來，沒說再見就掛斷了電話。?

60. It was then that she realized she had lost the last bit of strength she had had at home; she was absolutely incapable of tolerating this absolutely insignificant incident.

【譯文】 恰恰在那時，她意識到自己在家時曾擁有的力量已經消失殆盡;她根本無法忍受這件雞毛蒜皮的小事。

61. The fact that they loved each other was merely proof that the fault lay not in themselves, in their behavior or inconstancy of feeling, but rather in their incompatibility; he was strong and she was weak.?

【譯文】 他們彼此相愛，這個事實只能證明他們本身沒有問題，他們的行為或情感的搖擺也沒問題。問題在于他們彼此不相容：他很堅強，而她太脆弱。?

62. They were no longer occasional practitioners of art, as the cave painters had been, but full professionals — i.e., men skilled in a specialized occupation, practicing it full-time and probably earning all of their livelihood from it.?

【譯文】 他們不再像洞穴壁畫的創作者一樣是藝術品的偶然創作者，而是全職的職業創作者，即：他們擅長于某個特定行業，全職從事之，也許還以此為生。?

63. But even the relatively simple definition of a professional as a person receiving pay for carrying out a specialized occupation on a full-time basis is difficult to apply to the arts.?

【譯文】 但是，即使將職業者相對簡單地定義為全職從事某個特定行業并從中取得報酬的人，這個定義也很難適用于藝術。?

64. Nearly everywhere and always, music, architecture, and poetry have been regarded as professions, while pottery making has been regarded as an art and granted the dignity of a profession only in some non?Western cultures.?

【譯文】 幾乎在每個地方，音樂、建筑和詩歌總是被看做是專業，而制陶只在某些西方以外的國家被看做藝術，并被冠以專業的名譽。?

65. The attempt to gain for some of the arts the status of learned or quasi-learned professions resulted in a distinction between “the fine arts" and “the applied arts", a distinction that has done harm to both.?

【譯文】 人們賦予某些藝術以有學問或半學問的專業地位，區分出“高雅藝術”和“應用藝術”，這種做法對彼此都有害無益。?

66. The gradual breakdown of the attitude that permitted such exclusive categories to be created and the general rejection of the false distinctions between art and utility are encouraging developments in the arts in recent times.?

【譯文】 這種彼此排斥的分類態度正在逐漸改變，人們普遍拒絕對藝術和實用做人為的區分，態度的改變目前正在促進藝術的發展。?

67. Michelson’s work is valuable, as a reflection of the day to day responsibilities of Mesquakie women, yet as is often the case with life?passage studies, it presents little of the central character’s psychological motivation.?

【譯文】 邁克遜的著作是有價值的，反映了Mesquakie婦女的日常職責，但是，像其他生活過程研究一樣，它對主人翁心理動機的描述甚少。

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68. For example, in Maria Campbell’s account of growing up as a Canadian Metis who was influenced strongly by the non?native American world around her, one learns a great deal about the life of native American women, but Campbell’s individual story, which is told to us directly, is always the center of her narrative.?

【譯文】 例如，瑪利亞?坎貝爾敘述了自己作為一個加拿大邁提斯人的成長過程，她深受周圍的非本土的北美世界影響，她的故事使讀者對本土美洲婦女的生活有了很多了解，但是，坎貝爾的個人故事是她親自向讀者講述的，它始終是書的主線。

69. As anthropologist Ralph Lonton said, “The last thing a fish would ever notice would be water." So it is with people: except in unusual circumstances, the effects of our own culture generally remain imperceptible to us.?

【譯文】 人類學家拉爾夫?蘭頓說：“魚根本注意不到水的存在。”人也是這樣：除非在不同尋常的情況下，文化對我們的影響通常不為我們所注意。

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70. No longer could I count on people to stare only surreptitiously, to take precautions against invisible microbes, or to stand in an orderly way one behind the other on the basis of time of arrival to obtain a service.?

【譯文】 我再也不能指望人們僅僅偷偷地看，不能再擔心看不見的細菌，或井然有序地按先來后到順序一個個排隊來獲得某項服務。?

71. The aerospace industry is the complex of manufacturing concerns engaged in the production of flight vehicles, including unpowered gliders and sailplanes, lighter than air-craft, ground-effect machines, heavier than air craft of both fixed-wing and rotary-wing varieties, military missiles, space launch vehicles, and manned or unmanned spacecraft; propulsion systems and other thrusting devices; on board equipment essential to the design purpose of the flight vehicle; and ground-based support equipment needed for the operation and maintenance of the flight vehicle.?

【譯文】 航天工業是一個綜合制造行業，從事各種飛行器的生產，包括：各種無動力滑翔機，輕于空氣的飛行器，地面效應機械設備，重于空氣的各種固定和旋轉機翼飛行器，軍用導彈，太空發射器，載人或無人飛行器，推進系統或其他助推設備，對飛行器的設計至關重要的艙內設備，控制和維護飛行器的地面設備。

72. Russia, France, and the United Kingdom, as well as the European Space Agency, also have achieved a high degree of aerospace sophistication and have the ability to manufacture home designed systems including the entire range of aerospace vehicles.?

【譯文】 俄羅斯、法國、英國以及歐洲航天局也在航天技術上取得很高的成就，能夠制造包括各種航空飛行器在內的本國自身設計的系統。

73. In the United States, nonaerospace systems, primarily for state and municipal governments, utilities, surface?transportation companies, hospitals, and other segments of the medical community, represent a significant portion of total sales.?

【譯文】 在美國，非航空設備的主要客戶是各州和市政府、公用事業公司、地面運輸公司、醫院和其他醫療機構，這些設備的生產占總銷售量的很大一部分。

74. Between 1940 and 1980 in the United States, for example, per-acre yields of corn tripled, those of wheat and soybeans doubled, and farm output per hour of farm work increased almost 10 fold as capital was substituted for labour.?

【譯文】 例如，美國在1940～1980期間玉米的畝產量增加了2倍，小麥和大豆增加了1倍;換算為現金計算，每工時的農業產量增加了近9倍。

75. This is an opportunity for some of us to suggest to Hollywood where that boundary of consumer tolerance is. Especially those of us who have not yet convinced Hollywood to cease its descent into ever?lower levels of desensitization of our young.?

【譯文】 現在是個機會，我們應該告訴好萊塢消費者的忍耐力所能達到的限度。特別是對我們這些還沒有說服好萊塢，阻止他們使我們的年輕一代變得越來越冷漠的人來說。

76. Producers like Aaron Sorkin of “The West Wing" planned to keep pushing hard. He was quoted as saying: “There’s absolutely no reason why we can’t use the language of adulthood in programs that are about adults."

【譯文】 像亞倫?索金(《西樓》的制片人)這樣的制片人準備窮追不舍，有報道引用他的話說：“在反映成人生活的節目中，絕對沒有理由不能使用成人語言。”

77. At this moment of crisis in our nation?s history, thought has become more contemplative, prayerful, and spiritual. It may be the time to tell the entertainment industry that we want not a temporary pause in the flow of tastelessness, but a long-term cleanup.

【譯文】 在目前我們國家歷史上這個危機時刻，人們在思想中反思、祈禱、冥想。也許是我們該告訴娛樂業的時候了：我們要的不是暫時停止制作那些低級趣味的東西，而是永遠清除它們。

78. Richard Nixon’s intense interest in sporting events was well known during his time in the White House, and it went far beyond the ceremonial events, such as throwing out the first pitch of the season for professional baseball and calling the winning team’s locker room after the Super Bowl.?

【譯文】 在入主白宮期間，理查德?尼克松對體育競賽的濃厚興趣是眾所周知的，它遠遠超出了只參加一些禮節性活動，如在壘球賽季的職業比賽前投出第一個球，在超級杯比賽以后訪問獲勝球隊的更衣室等。?

79. He repeatedly stunned reporters, athletes, and coaches that met him with his detailed knowledge about sporting events, and made a surprise visit to a Washington Redskins practice to give the team an inspirational boost after a difficult loss.?

【譯文】 他以其對體育競賽項目的詳盡知識，一次又一次地讓與他會面的記者、運動員和教練們感到驚奇。他有時出乎意料地來到Washington Redskin的訓練場，給奮力拼搏但輸了球的隊員們打打氣。

80. In some cases it was quite intentional, such as the effort of the White House staff to arrange a photo opportunity on the front lawn of the executive mansion with race car driver Mario Andretti, so Nixon could develop some popularity among race fans.?

【譯文】 有時這是特別有意識安排的，例如：白宮工作人員在白宮前的草坪上安排總統與賽車手馬里奧?安德列蒂合影，以贏得賽車迷們的歡心。

81. Others were less intentional, such as his habit of attending baseball and football games and watching the game from the stands with all the other fans, presenting himself as a man of the people, rather than viewing from a luxury box with the team owner.?

【譯文】 其他活動則是無意識的，例如：他習慣到現場觀看壘球和橄欖球比賽，像一個普通人一樣與其他球迷一道在普通看臺上觀看，而不是與球隊老板們一樣坐在豪華包廂內觀看。

82. Unlike his hero Theodore Roosevelt, who helped create the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) while in office, Nixon repeatedly backed away from opportunities to use the prestige of his office to have an influence in the world of sport, such as preventing the relocation of the Washington Senators baseball team to the Dallas Ft. Worth area. He did, however, attempt to use sport as venue to shape cultural values.?

【譯文】 西奧多?羅斯福總統是他崇拜的人物，在執政期間幫助創立了全國大學生體育協會。與羅斯福不一樣的是：尼克松多次拒絕利用總統威望來影響體育界的機會。但是，他的確想將體育運動當做樹立文化價值觀的手段。

83. While the percentage of the world’s population living on less than $1 per day has

fallen from 28.3% to 24.0% between 1987 and 1998, population growth (815 million) has kept the absolute number of poor steady at some 1.2 billion.

【譯文】 雖然世界上每天靠不到一美元生活的人的比例在1997～1998年間從28.3%下降到24%，人口的增長(8.15億)使窮人的絕對數量保持在12億左右。

84. Nor do World Bank projections lend undivided hope for the future. Under the “business as usual" scenario, the number of poor on the $1 per day scale will not change during the projection period up to 2008.?

【譯文】 世界銀行的預測數字也沒有給未來帶來毫無爭議的希望。如果現在的經濟形勢“保持不變”，每日靠一美元生活的人的數量到2008年在預測的時段內將不會改變。

?85. However, should policy measures be taken to boost economic growth and make the growth process more inclusive to the poor, the World Bank reckons that 500 million people could be brought out of extreme poverty by 2008.?

【譯文】 但是，如果制定政策措施促進經濟的發展，使經濟的增長更多地涵蓋到貧困人口，世界銀行預測，到2008年，5億人口可能擺脫極度貧困狀態。?

86. Indeed, such concerns have been vented with increasing frustration, including at the Ministerial Conference of the WTO in Seattle last year, and more recently at the joint spring meeting of the IMF and the World Bank.?

【譯文】 事實上，人們越來越多地以沮喪的心情表達這樣的擔心，無論是在去年西雅圖的世界貿易組織部長級會議上，還是在最近世界貨幣基金組織和世界銀行的春季聯席會議上。

87. One problem facing governments in poverty?stricken countries, civil society, and international organizations is that poverty is a multidimensional problem with no simple solution — not least because of its sheer scale.?

【譯文】 貧困國家政府、文明社會和國際組織面臨的一個問題是：貧困是一個多方面的問題，沒有簡單的解決方案——由于涉及面廣更是如此。

88. The causes and expressions of poverty are not the same everywhere, although some common terms can often be found, including a lack of access to education, basic health care, and unequal distribution of productive assets (land, livestock, credits, etc.).

【譯文】 造成貧困的原因和貧困的表現形式各地不盡相同，雖然我們經常可能從中找出一些基本特征，如教育落后、基本醫療條件缺乏、生產資料(如土地、牲畜、信用等)分配不均等。

89. The existence of both racial and sexual discrimination in employment is well documented, and policy makers and responsible employers are particularly sensitive to the plight of the black female employee on the theory that she is doubly the victim of discrimination.

【譯文】 大量文獻證明，就業中存在著種族和性別歧視;政策的制定者和有責任心的雇主對黑人女職員的境遇特別敏感，因為，從理論上來說，她們遭受著雙重歧視。

90. Moreover, State distribution of residence is important because blacks are overrepresented in the South, where wage rates are typically lower than elsewhere and where racial differentials in income are greater.?

【譯文】 而且，居住在哪個州也很重要，因為南部黑人比例大，工資通常比其他地方低，種族之間的收入差別較大。

91. Recently, there have been some imaginative attempts to make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon which are lower in cost than high-quality single crystals; but to date the efficiencies of these apparently lower-cost materials have been unacceptably small.?

【譯文】 最近，有些人試圖研制多晶硅和帶狀硅，這些材料比高質單晶硅成本小，但是，迄今為止，這些成本明顯小的材料的效能低得不實用。

92. Although many scientists were aware of the very low cost of amorphous solar cells, they felt that they could never be manufactured with the efficiencies necessary to contribute significantly to the demand for electric power.?

【譯文】 許多科學家雖然已經認識到非晶硅太陽能電池的低成本，但是他們也感到，要生產出這樣的電池并使之產生足夠的功效、在很大程度上滿足對電能的需要，是不可能的。

?93. Already, solar cells with efficiencies well above 6 percent have been developed using amorphous materials, and further research will doubtlessly find even less costly amorphous materials with higher efficiencies.?

【譯文】 用非結晶體材料研制的太陽能電池的使用功效已經遠遠超過6%，未來的研究必將找出成本更低的但功效更高的非結晶體材料。

94. This imaginary task gives some idea of the challenge facing biologists in the United States and elsewhere as they embark on a monumental project: deciphering all the coded information in the human genome, all the genes in a human cell.?

【譯文】 美國和世界各地的生物學家面臨一項重大工程的挑戰，這個假想的任務使人們對這個挑戰的強度獲得一些認識，這個挑戰就是：破譯人體基因組中的編碼信息。

?95. They predict that a complete understanding of the human genetic code would provide untold benefits for humanity, for example, those abilities to diagnose, cure, and eventually prevent many diseases caused by faulty genes.?

【譯文】 他們預計，對人體基因編碼的全面認識將給人類帶來無法言喻的利益，例如，使人類能夠診斷、治療并最終預防基因缺陷造成的很多疾病。?

96. Not only has the Government refused to consult with the people of Australia on this issue of prohibition of free communication between individuals, they have also refused to consult with industry, and ignored all technical evidence and reports on the issues.?

【譯文】 在禁止人們之間的自由交流這個問題上，澳大利亞政府不僅沒有征求其人民的意見，也沒有征求產業界的意見，對這方面的技術論據和報告都置若罔聞。

97. And not only is it technically impossible to censor current content of the Internet, but the Internet is set to explode exponentially in the indefinite future, with there being literally millions of changes and additions to web content on a daily basis.?

【譯文】 而且，不僅從技術上無法審查因特網目前的內容，而且因特網的設立意味著信息內容在未來會以指數激增，每天改變或增加的網絡信息內容簡直將達幾百萬條。

98. In order to make economic development agreements more attractive to investors, some developing countries have attempted to strengthen the security of such agreements, specifying that the agreements will be governed by “general principles of law recognized by civilized nations"—a set of legal principles or rules shared by the world’s major legal systems.?

【譯文】 為了使經濟開發協議對投資者更具吸引力，有些發展中國家企圖提高協議的安全性，規定這些協議受“文明國家公認的總法律原則”的約束，這些原則由世界幾個主要法律體系所共有的一套原則和規范組成。

99. Moreover, even in the case of administrative contracts, French law requires that in the event that the government modifies the terms of the contract on its own side, it must compensate the contractor for any increased burden resulting from the government’s action.

【譯文】 而且，即使在行政合同中，法國的法律要求：如果政府單方面更改合同條款，它要承擔由此增加的負擔，向簽訂合同方做出賠償。

100. In both the United States and the United Kingdom, government contracts are governed by the ordinary law of contracts, with the result that the government can reserve the power to modify or terminate a contract on its own side only by writing such power into the contract.

【譯文】 在美國和英國，政府合同受普通合同法的約束，因此，政府只能通過將自己的權力寫進合同的方式，來保留單方面更改或終止合同的權力。